STRUCTURES AND GRAMMAR
1_ positive imperative + positive tag
_ Turn off the television , will / would / can / could you ?
2 _negative imperative + will you
_ Don’t forget , will you ?
3. negative tag : expressing greater feeling .
_ Keep silent , can’t / won’t you ?
4. Invitation / offer + Tag questions : will / won’t you
_ Sit down , won’t you / will you ?
_ Have a chocolate , won’t you / will you ?
5. In warnings and good wishes , won’t you after a positive imperative
and will you after a negative imperative :
_ Have a nice holiday , won’t you ?
_ Don’t forget your key , will you ?
G. Groups of words
_ Nice
day , isn’t it ?
+
Tag questions
_ Beautiful girls , aren’t they ?
expressing annoyance / impatience : will / won’t / can’t you ?
Stop fiddling with that T.V , will / won’t / can’t you ?
making a request : can / could / would you ?
Post this letter for me , can / could / would you ?
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3.1.3 _ Noun clauses derived from question word questions
•
subject :
Why he left is a mystery to me .
Where he went last night is a mystery .
What he said was true .
Whoever phoned just now was very polite .
Whatever you want is fine with me .
Whichever date you choose will be convenient for some of us .
What we refer to as taste is really a composite sense made up of both taste and smell .
*
object :
She will give what she bought in New York to whoever she likes .
I want to know where you went last night .
I don’t know who lives there .
He asked me what I did last night .
She couldn’t find what he wanted .
I told you who I love .
She showed me how I can make a cake .
Can you tell me when you come ?
NGUYEN TRAN SANH
NHON THANH LOWER SECONDARY SCHOOL
We couldn’t decide what we had to do next .
STRUCTURES AND GRAMMAR
•
indirect object
:
_You should give whoever answers the phone Mary ’s message .
_She often asks whoever she meets strange
questions .
_You should send it to whoever pays the bills .
• after a preposition
:
She agreed with what I suggested .
We had a decision about who should be invited .
She was worried about where you went last night .
It depends on when he did it .
I am interested in when you do it .
The result is different from what I asked .
• complement after be :
The question is where you went last night .
The fact is that what you did .
3.2 _ Relative clauses
_ We like the red team .
_ We like the team wearing red.
_ We like the team in red .
_ We like the team which were wearing red .
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3.2.1 _Defining clauses
( providing essential information about the subject / object )
_What kind of flower smell sweet ?
_ What kind of flower do you like ?
_The flower which has a white colour smells sweet .
_ I like the flower which has a white colour .
3.2.1.1 _Relative pronouns as subject
_ He is the man who / that lives next door .
_That is the photo which / that shows my house .
_ He is the man whose daughter won the gold medal .
_ I have the chair whose leg is broken .
3.2.1.2 _Relative pronouns as object
_She is the woman who / whom / that I met at the bank yesterday.
_She is the woman who / whom / that I gave some money to
_She is the woman to whom I gave some money .
_This is the photo which / that I took in London last year .
_This is the pan which / that I boiled the milk in .
NGUYEN TRAN SANH
NHON THANH LOWER SECONDARY SCHOOL
STRUCTURES AND GRAMMAR
_This is the pan in which I boiled the milk .
_He is the man whose house I bought two months ago .
_This is the house whose walls I painted brown .
_This is the house the walls of which I painted brown .
WHOSE + NOUN with a preposition
_He is the man from whose house the pictures were stolen .
_He is the man whose house the pictures were stolen from.
3.2.2 _Non-defining clauses
Relative clauses with either commas or dashes or brackets are called
non-defining clauses. They provide additional information which can be omitted .
3.2.2.1 _Relative pronouns as subject
_Shakespeare , who was an English playwright , wrote thirty-six plays
_The Thames , which is now clean enough to swim in , was polluted for over a hundred years .
_Mr Pike , whose wife died yesterday , is my teacher.
3.2.2.2 _Relative pronouns as object
_The director of the film “ Yesterday “ , who / whom I met at the party last week , is going to
work in Viet Nam .
_ Two Towers in New York , which the Japanese architect designed , collapsed on September
11th 2001.
_Mr Smith , whose collection of famous pictures many people like , died last week .
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TAG QUESTIONS
A. Negative statements + positive tag questions
_ You didn’t see him , did you ?
_ Ann can’t swim , can she ?
_ Tom doesn’t like you , does he ?
B. Positive statements + negative tag questions
_ Peter helped you , didn’t he ?
_ Mary was there , wasn’t she ?
_ I’m late , aren’t I ?
Statements with neither , no , none , no one , nobody, nothing ,
scarcely, barely , hardly , hardly ever , seldom , never , little , few
+ positive tag questions
_ No salt is allowed , is it ?
_ Nothing was said , was it ?
_ They did nothing , did they ?
C.
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NHON THANH LOWER SECONDARY SCHOOL
STRUCTURES AND GRAMMAR
_ He could hardly stammer a reply , could he ?
_ He went nowhere else , did he ?
_ There is no one in the house , is there ?
_ It’s no good , is it ?
_ He is by no means , is he ?
_ Very little progress has been made , has it ?
_ There is little water left , is there ?
but : _ A little progress has been made , hasn’t it ?
_ Few people knew the answer , did they ?
but _ A few people knew the answer , didn’t they ?
* When the subject of the statement is anyone , no one ,
nobody , none , neither , everyone, somebody , everything , all
* we use the pronoun they as subject of the tag :
_ I don’t suppose anyone will volunteer , will they ?
_ No one would object , would they ?
_ Neither of them complained , did they ?
_ Everybody is happy , aren’t they ?
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37_ Active forms with a passive meaning
37.1_ Gerund :
The windows need painting .
37.2 _ To-infinitive :
37.2a _ I have these windows to paint .
( subject : agent )
_ These windows have to be painted .
( subject : not the agent )
_There are a lot of windows to paint / to be painted .
( after the subject there )
_There are lots of exciting things to do here .
( no passive infinitive for leisure activities )
37.2.b _ This machine isn’t safe to use .
_ The piano is too heavy to move . ( adjective + to-infinitive )
_The piano is too heavy to be moved by one person .
( to-infinitive before by + agent )
=The piano is too heavy for one person to move .
NGUYEN TRAN SANH
NHON THANH LOWER SECONDARY SCHOOL
STRUCTURES AND GRAMMAR
STRUCTURES AND GRAMMAR
3.2.4 _ Other uses of relative pronouns
3.2.4.1_ that after all , etc and superlatives :
a) that ( not which ) is normally used after words like all , any , anything , everything , a few ,
the only one when they do not refer to people and nobody ( for people )
_All that remains for me to do is to say “ Goodbye”
_Everything that can be done has been done .
_I’ll do anything (that ) I can.
b) who is used after all , any , and a few when they refer to people .
_All ( those ) who wish to apply must do so in writing .
c) that is also common after superlatives. It is optional when it refers to the object .
_This is the most beautiful song that I’ve ever known .
but not optional when it refers to the subject .
_Mozart is the greatest composer that / who ‘s ever lived.
_”War and peace” is the longest book that I’ve ever read.
_Khanh Ly is the best singer that / whom I’ve ever known.
3.2.4.2_ Which in place of a clause.
_Susan married John , which / this / that surprised me.
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3.2.3_Relative clauses of time , place , reason
3.2.3.1 _ Time defining :
_2003 was the year when / that / in which the 22 nd SEA Games took place in Viet Nam.
_ Time non-defining :
_The summer of 1969 , (the year) when / in which men first set foot on the moon , will never be
forgotten .
3.2.3.2 _ Place defining :
_This is the village where / that / in which I was born .
_This is the village which I was born in .
_ Place non-defining:
_The Tower of London , where / in which so many people lost their lives , is now a tourist attraction .
3.2.3.3 _ Reason defining :
_That is the reason ( for which ) he dislikes me .
_That is ( the reason ) why he dislikes me .
_ Reason non-defining ;
_My success in business , ( the reason ) for which he dislikes me, has been due to hard work .
_My success in business , the reason why he dislikes me , has been due to hard work .
NOTE : that is possible in place of when , where , why but only in defining clauses .
NGUYEN TRAN SANH
NHON THANH LOWER SECONDARY SCHOOL
=(The fact ) that Susan married John surprised me.
3.2.4.3_ There be with relative clauses
_There are many people working in World Trade Towers in New York .
_ There is a car parked outside the bank..
_There was a noise that woke me up.
_There ‘s a small matter which we need to discuss.
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3.2.4.4_ Who , That in cleft sentences
_When a relative clause comes after an expression like It is / was me / I there are
two possibilities .
a) Object form + that ( very informal )
_ It’s me that need your help .
_ It’s was him that told the police.
b) subject form + who ( very formal )
_ It’s I who need your help.
_It’s he who told the police.
3.2.4.5_ Sentences with two meanings
The use or omission of commas round relative clauses can sometimes affect
the meaning .
_ My wife , who is in Paris , will return tomorrow .
_ My wife who is in Paris will return tomorrow .
NOTE: Without commas , this could suggest that
I have another wife who is ( or other wives who
NGUYEN TRAN SANH
NHON THANH LOWER SECONDARY SCHOOL
STRUCTURES AND GRAMMAR
are ) somewhere else .
_ My brother who is in Canada is an architect .
3.2.4.6_ but ( relative pronoun )
_ There ‘s nobody but wishes to help you .
= There ‘s nobody that doesn’t wish to help you .
_ There ‘s no man but feels pity for starving children.
= There ‘s no man who doesn’t feel pity for starving children .
3.3 _ Adverbial clauses
_ It always rains in winter . ( adverbial of time )
_ It always rains when winter comes ( adverbial clause of time )
3.3.1 _ Clauses of time
3.3.1.1_ We form an adverbial clause of time with a conjunction when , while , as ,
as soon as , before , by the time , since , until / till , once , no sooner … than ,
immediately , immediately after , just as , every time , the first / last time .
_Mozart could write music when he was only five.
_ Mr Pike phoned me while I was having dinner.
_I’ll come and see you as soon as I ‘ve finished work .
_ Once you ‘ve learnt to swim , you’ll never forget .
_Have some coffee before you go .
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26b _ I expect people to invite me to the party .
è I expect to be invited to the party .
26c _ He likes his wife to dress carefully .
è He likes his wife to be carefully dressed .
27_He doesn’t want anyone to know that he’s going away .
è He doesn’t want it to be known that he’s going away .
_ He let people know he was about to resign .
è He let it be known he was about to resign .
28_ They didn’t let us speak .
è We weren’t allowed to speak .
29_It is impossible to cut down a lot of the trees on both sides .
è A lot of the trees on both sides can’t be cut down .
30_It is possible to predict what will happen .
è What will happen can be predicted .
31_No one has used this dictionary before .
NGUYEN TRAN SANH
NHON THANH LOWER SECONDARY SCHOOL
STRUCTURES AND GRAMMAR
èThis dictionary hasn’t been used before .
32_ You / One can’t do anything about it .
è Nothing can be done about it .
33_ People used to think the sun traveled round the earth .
è It used to be thought the sun traveled round the earth .
è The sun used to be thought to travel round the earth .
34_We do not allow / permit smoking / people to smoke in the kitchen .
èPeople aren’t allowed / permitted in the kitchen .
èSmoking isn’t allowed / permitted in the kitchen .
35_Police advise drivers to use an alternative route .
è Drivers are advised to use an alternative .
è Drivers are advised that an alternative route should be used .
36_ Smoke filled the my room .
è My room was filled with smoke .
_ Paint covered the lock .
è The lock was covered with paint .
_ Water is covering the field .
è The field is being covered with water .
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16_ Verb of perception + O + ing-form
_People heard her giving orders .
è She was heard giving orders .
17_ Verb of perception + O + bare inf
_People heard her sing a love song .
è She was heard to sing a love song.
_We saw him go out .
è He was seen to go out .
18_Verb + O + full infinitive
_I told my sister to open the window .
è My sister was told to open the window .
_I asked him not to do it .
è He was asked not to do it .
19_ It + passive verb + to – infinitive
_ The committee agreed to support the idea .
è It was agreed to support the idea .
20_ The agent with verbs of reporting
_ The committee agreed to support the idea .
è It was agreed by the committee to support the idea .
21_ Verb + O + ( to be ) + adjective
NGUYEN TRAN SANH
NHON THANH LOWER SECONDARY SCHOOL
STRUCTURES AND GRAMMAR
_ We prove him wrong .
_ They painted the walls brown .
_ I found the box empty .
_The sun keeps us warm .
_We elected him chairman .
è He is proved wrong .
è The walls were painted brown .
è The box was found empty .
è We are kept warm by the sun .
è He was elected chairman .
22_ Verb + preposition
_Mrs Young looks after our children when we are away .
è Our children are looked after by Mrs Young when we are away .
23_ Verb + gerund
_At that time , scientists began discovering Pluto and its satellites .
è At that time , Pluto and its satellites began being discovered .
24_Phrasal verb
_A gust of wind blew the tent down . è The tent was blown down by a gust of wind.
_We have done away with the old rules . èThe old rules have been done away with .
25_Preparatory THERE
_People think that there are more than 3,000 different languages in the world .
èIt is thought that there are more than 3,000 different languages in the world .
èThere are thought to be more than 3,000 different languages in the world .
26a _ I hate people laughing at me .
è I hate being laughed at .
STRUCTURES AND GRAMMAR
_ The present perfect is often used after once and now that .
_The past simple is often used after since and the present perfect is often used
before since .
_ The past perfect is used with no sooner … than
_ Martin had no sooner sat down than the phone rang .
= No sooner had Martin sat down than the phone rang.
3.3.2 _ Clauses of place
We form an adverbial clause of place with a conjunction where , wherever ,
anywhere , everywhere
_You can go where you like .
_You can’t camp wherever you like these days .
_I can go wherever / anywhere / everywhere I like.
3.3.3 _ Clauses of manner
We can form an adverbial clause of manner with a conjunction as , ( in )the way (that ) , how
/ the way , as if / as though / like
_ Do it in the way that I showed you .
_This fish isn’t cooked as I like it .
_You look as if you ‘ve seen a ghost .
Adverbial clauses of manner can also be introduced by the conjunctions as if / as though
after the verbs be , act , appear , behave , feel , look , seem , smell , sound , taste
_ I feel as if I am floating on air .
34
_ Susan changed completely after she got married .
_Many things have happened since I last saw you.
_ Please wait until she comes .
_ I can go whenever I like.
3.3.1.2 _ We can use gerund after before , after
_ I always have a shower after taking exercises
_ Have some coffee before leaving .
3.3.1.3 _ We can use a participle after when , while , once , until
_Take care when crossing the road .
_Mike hurt his hand while playing ping-pong .
_Please wait until told to proceed .
We can use a participle without a conjunction . _ Take care crossing the road .
3.3.1.4 _ When the time clause refers to the future , we normally use the simple present
after as soon as , by the time , after ,immediately , the moment , till / until , when
but will can be used after when in noun clauses .
_ They want to know when we will leave tomorrow morning .
3.3.1. 5 _ By the time + S + present simple , S + future simple
NGUYEN TRAN SANH
NHON THANH LOWER SECONDARY SCHOOL
_This steak is cooked just how I like it.
_It looks like it’s going to rain .
_She acted as though she were mad.
_ It sounds as though it’s raining.
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3.3.4 _ Clauses of reason
We form an adverbial clause of reason with a conjunction because , as , since,
now ( that ) , seeing ( that )
_He succeeded because he worked hard .
_Since I haven’t much money , I can’t buy a car
_As he worked hard , he succeeded .
_Seeing that it’s raining , you ‘d better stay indoors.
_Now that we’ve finished the course , I have to look for a job .
In comparison with the clause of result : _He worked so hard that he succeeded.
# We can also use the prepositions because of, due to , in view of, on account of, owing to
_ You had better stay indoors because of rain .
# We can use a participle clause.
_Working hard , he succeeded .
# due to is usually used after be , due to can be used after a noun .
_His lateness was due to the very heavy traffic
= He was late due to / owing to the very heavy traffic .
_Accidents due to driving at high speech were very common that weekend .
NGUYEN TRAN SANH
NHON THANH LOWER SECONDARY SCHOOL
STRUCTURES AND GRAMMAR
STRUCTURES AND GRAMMAR
3.3.5 _ Clauses of result
We form an adverbial clause of result with a conjunction so…( that ), such …( that )
_ It is so hot that I can’t sleep .
_We were so tired that we went to bed early .
_He ran so quickly that I can’t catch him
_He’s such a fool that he believes anything.
_ He has so many friends that he can’t remember all of their names.
_There was such a lot of rain that we couldn’t go out .
_There was so much to lose that we couldn’t take any risks .
_ Her anger was such that she burst into tears.
_ The damage was such that it would cost too much money to repair .
NOTE : 1)
so + adj / adv + as + to inf
too + adj / adv ( + for + noun / pronoun ) + to inf
adj / adv + enough + to inf
12_ Imperative
_ Write your name on this pieces of paper .
è Let your name be written on this pieces of paper .
_ Don’t let Nam tease you .
è Don’t let yourself be teased by Nam .
_He let people cheat him .
è He let himself be cheated .
13_ Non–finite clause
_They showed him how to do it .
_ She told him when to start .
è He was shown how to do it .
è He was told when to start .
for result
_She is too young to understand .
_ He ran too quickly for me to catch him .
_We were so fortunate as to be in Paris on Bastille Day .
=We were fortunate enough to be in Paris on Bastille Day.
2)
An active participle after the main clause can express result.
_They pumped waste into the river , killing all the fish.
_The film star made a dramatic entrance , attracting everyone’s attention.
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9_Active sentence with adjunct preceded by a noun
9.1_ Columbus discovered America in 1492.
è America was discovered by Columbus in 1492.
9.2_Someone has stolen the drum in the temple . ( modifies noun )
è The drum in the temple has been stolen .
9.3_Someone found this wallet in the street. ( modifies verb )
è This wallet was found in the street.
10_ Modal verb + bare infinitive
_People can hear the fishing fleet from afar .
è The fishing fleet can be heard from afar .
_ The students must do this exercise in class .
è This exercise must be done by the students in class .
11_ Passive infinitive
_They began to beat wooden drums .
è Wooden drums began to be beaten.
_Our teacher is going to punish those students .
è Those students are going to be punished by our teacher.
NGUYEN TRAN SANH
_They have to sign these documents .
è These documents have to be signed .
NHON THANH LOWER SECONDARY SCHOOL
14_ Finite clause
_ People treat her as if she were a servant . è She is treated as if she were a servant .
_We warned him that he would be late .
è He was warned that he would be late .
15_ Verb + O + ing-form
_She kept me waiting .
_We found him working until midnight .
è I was kept waiting .
è He was found working until midnight .
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PASSIVE
VOICE
1_Positive sentence
_Shakespeare wrote Hamlet .
è Hamlet was written by Shakespeare.
2_Negative sentence
_The police will not easily capture that robber.
è That robber will not be easily captured by the police .
3_ Yes – no question
_ Did your mother make this cake ?
è Was this cake made by your mother ?
4_WH question
4.1._Who repaired your bicycle ?
è Who(m) was your bicycle repaired by ?
è By whom was your bicycle repaired ?
4.2._What plays did Shakespeare write ?
è What plays were written by Shakespeare ?
4.3._ Where will they build the road ?
NGUYEN TRAN SANH
NHON THANH LOWER SECONDARY SCHOOL
