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ENGLISH FOR NUTRITION AND FOOD SCIENCES
WORD STUDY
A. COMPOUND WORDS
A compound word is two smaller words put together. The meaning of
the compound word is related to the meanings of the two words.
Here are some examples:
bird + house = birdhouse (a place for birds to live)
car + wash = carwash (a place to wash your car)
Exercise: First, make compound words by putting together these pairs of
words.
some + one
stop + light
bed + room
birth + day
under + line
note + book
=
=
=
=
=
=
…………………………
…………………………
…………………………
…………………………
…………………………
…………………………
Now use the compound words to complete the sentences.
1)
2)
3)
4)
In class, students write notes in a …………………………
I sleep in a bed in my …………………………
Cars must stop when the …………………………is red.
Next week is my 20th …………………………. I am going to have
a party for all my friends. I will be 20 years old.
5) If the teacher says to put a line under the verb, then we must
………………………… the verb.
6) ………………………… wants to talk to you on the telephone. I
don’t know who it is.
B. -AL, -ABLE, AND -FUL
The suffixes -al, -able, and -ful can be added to the end of some words.
These suffixes mean that something “is full of something” or “has
something.”
Here are some examples:
Roses are beautiful flowers. (full of beauty)
Puerto Rico has many coastal cities. (has a coast)
That is a very comfortable chair. (has comfort)
When you add these suffixes to a word, the new word becomes an
adjective. An adjective describes a noun or a pronoun. It usually comes
before a noun or after the verb be.
ESSENRIAL NUTRIENTS
11
Exercise: Practice making adjectives by adding the suffixes -al, -able, and -ful
to the following words.
Spelling Note: Change y to i before -al and -ful.
noun (add –al) adjective
coast
………………………
season ………………………
industry ………………………
nation
………………………
verb (add -able) adjective
notice
………………………
agree
………………………
enjoy
………………………
noun (add -ful) adjective
beauty ………………………
help
………………………
wonder ………………………
Complete each sentence with an adjective from the lists.
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
Most people in Puerto Rico live in …………………… cities.
The influence of Spain is very …………………… in San Juan.
The people of Puerto Rico are usually …………………… to tourists.
San Juan is a modern, …………………… city.
Puerto Ricans cannot vote in U.S. …………………… elections.
The beaches and mountains of Puerto Rico are ……………………
My cousins had a very …………………… time visiting the old city
of San Juan. They bought some souvenirs and had a delicious lunch.
8) In general, Puerto Rico is a …………………… place to visit.
C. -EN
We can change some nouns and adjectives into verbs by adding the
suffix -en. For example, if you add -en to the adjective dark, you get
the word darken. Darken means “to make something dark.”
Exercise: Look at these examples. Complete the chart.
noun
strength
length
verb
strengthen
…………......
adjective
weak
…………......
short
verb
weaken
widen
…………......
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ENGLISH FOR NUTRITION AND FOOD SCIENCES
STRUCTURE STUDY
THE PASSIVE (continued)
When we talk about what other people say, believe, etc we can use
two possible passive forms. Compare:
Active:
Passive (1):
Passive (2):
People say that Mr. Ross is a millionaire.
It is said that Mr. Ross is a millionaire.
Mr. Ross is said to be a millionaire.
We often use these passive forms in a formal style and with verbs
such as: say, think, believe, consider, understand, know, report,
expect, allege, claim, acknowledge, fear.
Exercise: Read each sentence. Then make two new sentences in the passive.
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
8)
9)
10)
11)
12)
13)
14)
15)
16)
17)
18)
19)
20)
People expect that taxes will be reduced soon.
People say that the monument is over 2000 years old.
People expect that the president will resign.
People think the fire started at about 8 o’clock.
Journalists reported that seven people had been injured in the fire.
They expect that a new law will be introduced next year.
People say that the concert was very good.
People allege that the man drove through the town at 90 miles an
hour.
They report that many people are homeless after the floods.
Those two houses belong to the same family. People say that there
is a secret tunnel between them.
They say that the company is losing a lot of money.
People expect that the strike will end soon.
They believed that the workers had stolen the money.
They say that it was designed by Leonardo da Vinci.
They say that there is plenty of oil off our coast.
People know that there are thousands of different species of
beetles.
They suppose that George is an expert in financial matters.
They say that thousands of new jobs will be created in the
computer industry.
They reported that all the passengers had died in the crash.
They say that there are thousands of people waiting to renew their
passports.
FOOD GROUPS
13
3
FOOD GROUPS
READING COMPREHENSION
Bread and Cereal
The bread-cereal group includes all breads and cereals that are wholegrain, enriched, or restored. The protein content is not high in cereals,
5 but these products can be a significant source of protein when they are
consumed in large quantities. All cereals are very high in starch, and
they are good, generally inexpensive sources of energy. The fat content
of cereal products generally is very low unless the germ is included.
Whole-grain products contribute significant quantities of fiber and such
10 trace vitamins and minerals as pantothenic acid, vitamin E, zinc, copper,
manganese, and molybdenum.
Vegetables
Most vegetables are important sources of minerals, vitamins, and
cellulose. Certain vegetables, such as potatoes, contribute appreciable
15 quantities of starch. Large amounts of the minerals calcium and iron are
in vegetables, particularly beans, peas, and broccoli. Vegetables also
help meet the body''s need for sodium, chloride, cobalt, copper,
magnesium, manganese, phosphorus, and potassium. Carotenes (the
precursor of vitamin A) and ascorbic acid (vitamin C) are abundant in
20 many vegetables. Vegetables are useful as sources of roughage.
Fruits
The nutritional value of fruits varies. Some fruits are composed largely
of water, but contain valuable vitamins. The citrus fruits are a valuable
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ENGLISH FOR NUTRITION AND FOOD SCIENCES
source of vitamin C, and yellow-colored fruits, such as peaches, contain
25 carotene. Dried fruits contain an ample amount of iron, and figs and
oranges are an excellent source of calcium. Like vegetables, fruits have
a high cellulose content.
Milk
The milk group includes milk and milk products, cheese, and ice cream.
30 Milk is a complete protein food containing several protein complexes. It
also contains important amounts of most nutrients, but it is very low in
iron and ascorbic acid and low in niacin. Calcium and phosphorus levels
in milk are very high. Vitamin A levels are high in whole milk, but this
fat-soluble vitamin is removed in the production of skim milk.
35 Riboflavin is present in significant quantities in milk unless the milk has
been exposed to light.
Modern milking parlors
enable few people to
milk and inspect a large
number of cows in a
clean environment.
Meat and Meat Substitutes
The meat and meat substitutes group includes beef; veal; lamb; pork;
40 organ meats such as liver, heart, and kidney; poultry and eggs; fish and
shellfish; and dried peas, beans, and nuts. The meat group contains
many valuable nutrients. One of its main nutrients is protein, but meat
also contains cholesterol, which is believed to contribute to coronary
artery disease. The minerals copper, iron, and phosphorus occur in
45 meats in significant amounts, particularly iron and copper in liver.
Different meats vary in their vitamin content. Liver usually contains a
useful amount of vitamin A. Thiamine, riboflavin, and niacin, all B
vitamins, occur in significant amounts in all meats.
Other Foods
50 Butter, margarine, other fats, oils, sugars, or unenriched refined-grain
products are included in the diet to round out meals and satisfy the
appetite. Fats, oils, and sugars are added to other foods during
preparation of the meal or at the table. These foods supply calories and
can add to total nutrients in meals.
FOOD GROUPS
15
Questions: Answer the questions about the reading.
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
What nutrients are provided most by breads and cereals?
What nutrients are provided by most vegetables?
What kinds of fruit contain vitamin C?
Why is milk a valuable food?
Why is meat believed to contribute to coronary artery disease?
True-False: Write T if the sentence is true and F if it is false.
1) _____ Cereals provide a sufficient amount of protein for the
human body’s need.
2) _____ Vegetables contain a significant amount of sodium,
chloride, cobalt, copper, magnesium, manganese,
phosphorus, and potassium.
3) _____ Vegetables have a high cellulose content, but fruits do not.
4) _____ Vitamin A levels are high in skim milk.
5) _____ Liver usually contains a useful amount of vitamin A.
VOCABULARY
Fill in these statements with the words in the box.
contribute
fat-soluble
enriched
appetite
vary
nutritional
cholesterol
germ
mineral
roughage
1) The fat content of cereal products generally is very low unless the
………… is included
2) Most breakfast cereals are ………… with vitamins.
3) Certain vegetables, such as potatoes, ………… appreciable
quantities of starch.
4) Fruit and vegetables are important sources of ………….
5) Chemical sweeteners, like preservatives and colorings, have no
value.
6) Vitamin A is a ………… vitamin, so it can dissolve in fat only.
7) Don''t spoil your ………… by eating between meals.
8) ………… is thought to be part of the cause of heart disease if there
is too much of it.
9) Different meats ………… in their vitamin content.
10) Many people drink ………… water because they do not want to
drink tap water.
